Turbocharger systems enhance the engine power and efficiency, reduce its pollution, and downsize the engine volume. As the significance of exploiting turbochargers in gasoline engines is surging among automobile manufacturers, the necessity of improvement in the system components becomes more critical. This paper investigates the impacts of a turbocharger turbine bypass and wastegate geometry alterations on the performance and the flow field characteristics via numerical simulations. The numerical method verification and mesh independence study are performed for the original geometry. The simulation results of the altered geometries indicate that better alignment between the bypassed and the bulk flows leads to higher efficiency of the turbocharging system. In addition, the bent or elbow-shaped and protruded turbine walls immediately downstream of the wheel are found to be unfavorable. It is also uncovered that if the wastegate shape and the housing walls are designed in such a way that the effects of ensuing vortices are minimized, it improves the stage efficiency, which is desirable for two-stage turbochargers. Furthermore, a novel manufacturable design is proposed in this study, which increases the efficiency and useful power by 19. 9% and 6. 7%, respectively.

The main purpose of the article, as the topic itself shows, is defining an eternal geometry(as a basic foundation and unavoidable structure)for the Islamic architecture. Therefore, as an abstract of this article, (giving a short but conclusive definition of the main subject),and in order to avoid from some possible misunderstandings in the mentioned subjects and meanings in the article, the following points seems to be useful:A. The referring meaning of the word "Geometry" (or its Arabic synonym "Hindiseh") by the author in this (article) is completely different from the common meaning of it in architecture (or the Euclidian Geometry) and its closed and limitful field of rules of some mathematical meanings and physical shapes and forms. But by the phrase "Hindiseh Jaavidan" or "Eternal Geometry" the author means the Unique, Wholistic and Comprehensive Truth, which according to the Quranic literature, is known by some Arabic terms such as "qadr", "taqdeer" and "muqaddir", "muqaddar", "qadeer", and so on. The meaning which points to the comprehensive and wholistic system of rules governing all various systems of measurement essential for the whole universe and its every individual parts's or thing's coming into existence (in their both physical being and meaningful identity).B. According to the above mentioned description, the referring meaning of the phrase "Natural Geometry" (or "Hindisi-yi Tabee 'at" or "Taqdeer") by the author in this article can be imagined as a symbolic light through which everything in the universe become visible, readable and understandable for every other thing in the whole cosmos of varieties and multiplicities (in both qualitative and quantitative groups of limits and measures). The limits and measures without which everything's essential mutual relation and harmonic suitable cooperative sharing life with every other thing in the world seems to become impossible.C. Then, in a similar symbolic structure, the other important meaning of "Geometry" or "Hindisih" to which the author is going to point to is "The Essential Geometry" or "Hindisik-yt Dhaatee". According to the Holy Quran, for every possible matter of being in the physical world, there is a limitless, unchangeable, eternal specific and determined Truth in The Presence of God which, as same as all other Truthful Meanings in such a Sacred Presence is free from all limits essential for the material world such as: matter, physical shape and form, length, width, thickness, color and other similar limits.D. And at last, the author's purposed meaning of the subject of "Islamic Architecture" in this article, is an orderly and unitary structure which in its both whole and parts, and in its both physical structure and meaningful identity obey the One Divine System of Rules named Islam. And, at last, by the word of "Islam" means the universal governing order of both physical and spiritual worlds.

A Study of Geometry in Islamic Architecture by Professor Golroo Najibaaghlou is a valuable work in the field of Islamic architecture. This book has a detailed preface, a brief introduction, and five main sections. As it is known from the introduction of the book, this book was originally written for a non-Iranian audience. The first purpose of writing this book is to try to moderate public belief about geometry and the stages of compilation and discussion in Islamic architecture. Another purpose is to correct the negative view of the geometric documentation of Islamic architecture in the West, because such a view has created a kind of reluctance to equate the works of Islamic architecture with the great works of classical Western architecture. In addition, Najibaaghlou wants to reject and respond to Western criticism that reduces Islamic architecture to the level of an unedited work. In the final chapter of the book, Najibaaghlou looks at the compiled documents of Islamic architecture from a Western perspective and highlights some of the missed points of geometric sciences, including clarifying conceptualization, recording, and transferring architectural design in the Islamic world.

In this paper, the logical development of Euclidean geometry as presented in Euclid’s Elements, has been studied. Pointing out some gaps in the Euclid arguments, the need for modern axiomatic systems has been explored.

The geometry of imagination and thought are important tools to acquire knowledge. Human beings have always deployed these two significant tools to get an understanding of the macrocosm and microcosm. These two factors have been incorporated and well utilized to achieve a proper appreciation of these profound entities. This essay engages the strong links between knowledge and art by nature and struchire. There are samples of Hafiz poetry to the demonstrates the marriage of thoughts and the geometr-v of imagination as well to depict the mathematical relationship between their thought patterns.

This paper reports the design process for an exposition pavilion using Grasshopper 3D software. This software is a visual programming language developed by David Rutten at Robert McNeel & Associates. It runs within the Rhinoceros 3D CAD application. Programs are created by dragging components onto a canvas. The outputs to these components are then connected to the inputs of subsequent components. Grasshopper is used mainly to build generative algorithms. Many of Grasshopper’s components create 3D geometry. Programs may alsocontain other types of algorithms including numeric, textual, audiovisual and haptic applications. Using a spiral generating curve and changing its parameters such as aperture, the initial snail shape moves towards a limpet. An initial model of the limpet was made with an scale of 1:10. The problems of supports and shape and size of construction elements were solved using this model. Then a 1:1 model was constructed using cardboard elements and a tensegrity support made of three bamboo rods. The full-scale pavilion covered an area of 6 by 8 meters and rose to a height of 2.8 meters. It was designed and built by the students of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University and erected in the central lobby of the Faculty.